What happens when epilepsy medication doesn’t work? Prof. John Duncan explains how treatment moves beyond medication, including surgery and neuromodulation, and why decisions must balance seizure control, risk, and quality of life.

Generalised epilepsy is often described as involving the whole brain at once. Dr. Frederic Schaper discusses research suggesting shared brain networks may underlie these seizures - and how those networks overlap with targets used for deep brain stimulation.